№ 3 (55)

Purpose: to develop a methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of the created security systems of significant objects of critical information infrastructure, which allows to substantiate recommendations for the application of organizational and technical measures to ensure information security, taking into account the scale of negative consequences, the effectiveness of various security measures, as well as the effectiveness of control.Methods: methods of scoring, efficiency theory and decision-making are used to formalize the parameters.Result: a methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of security systems for automated process control systems has been developed, which makes it possible to substantiate recommendations for the application of information protection measures in four areas of security activities. A procedure has been developed for scoring the effectiveness of automated systems security systems according to the formed list of parameters checked in the course of assessing the effectiveness of automated systems security systems. The scale of compliance with the levels of the state of safety of automated process control systems is determined. The indicator of the effectiveness of the security system of automated process control systems is substantiated, which allows evaluating the selected composition of protection measures for organizing and planning, implementing, monitoring the state, maintaining and improving the security system and developing recommendations for the application of information protection measures proposed in the reference book “Information protection measures groups» FSTEC of Russia. The results obtained in the work can be used in the development of guidelines for ensuring the security of automated control systems, which are significant objects of critical information infrastructure. Novelty: a generalized criterion for evaluating weighted average deviations from the ideal alternative was used for the values of four particular criteria for the feasibility of measures for the organization and planning, implementation, condition monitoring, support and improvement of the security system, and the procedure for scoring the effectiveness of automated systems security systems was determined according to a specified list of parameters checked during the effectiveness assessment security systems of automated systems.
Keywords: automated process control system, significant object, critical information infrastructure, security measures, security system, efficiency theory.

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The purpose of the study: increasing the availability of network devices in a computer network in the conditions of changing them structural and functional characteristics.Methods used: methods for random processes research and multicriteria optimization were used in this work. The result of the study: a model of functioning of network devices with multicast network connection has been developed, which is formalized as a semi-Markov random process with discrete states and continuous time. The probabilistic-temporal characteristics of the processes are obtained, which subsequently act as efficiency criteriain formulating of the vector optimization problem.The problem of determining the optimal parameters of a network connection, such as the number of IP addresses and the time of their use, at which the efficiency criteria take optimal values, is solved.The evaluation of the effectiveness of the use of multicast network connections according to the criteria of “availability” and “security” was carried out.Scientific novelty: consists in developing a model and solving the problem of optimization the parameters of multicast network connections under network intelligence using the mathematical apparatus of semi-Markov random processes and scalarization of the vector optimization problem by the ideal point method.
Keywords:  structural and functional characteristics, multicast network connections, continuity of information
exchange, random process, availability and security of network devices.

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The purpose of the study: automating the processes of identifying and evaluating exploits, an information system is vulnerable, by identifying their features based on the analysis of the exploit source code, related weaknesses and vulnerabilities in order to further eliminate them and increase the security of information systems.Research methods: statistical analysis of source data, semantic and syntactic modeling of the process of executing the source code of exploits, data classification methods for evaluating exploits based on related weaknesses and vulnerabilities.Results obtained: a general concept of dynamic security assessment of information systems under conditions of initial data uncertainty is proposed; within the framework of the proposed concept, the data used in security assessment, the relationships between them and the main types of uncertainties associated with the use of previously unknown vulnerabilities, weaknesses of the analyzed system or exploits, are identified. there are methods of static and dynamic analysis of exploits in order to eliminate the identified uncertainties; data sources and initial data for experiments were identified, their statistical analysis was carried out; proposed a technique for eliminating the identified uncertainties based on the classification of exploits using the signs of their associated vulnerabilities; an experimental assessment of the accuracy of the classification of exploits was made, and the shortcomings of the proposed methodology were highlighted; to eliminate the identified shortcomings, a graph model of exploits and a methodology for its formation were developed; a technique for classifying exploits based on features generated using the developed model and related weaknesses and vulnerabilities is proposed. The results obtained can be used in monitoring systems and improving the security of information systems.Scientific novelty: the proposed general concept of dynamic assessment of the security of information systems differs from the existing ones in the identified types of uncertainty in the initial data and the use of exploit classification techniques to eliminate them by detecting signs of exploit implementation, and the proposed concept is based on the hypothesis that previously unknown exploits use previously known fragments malicious program code; the proposed methodology for classifying exploits differs both in the use of known features of related vulnerabilities and features based on a graph model of exploits; The developed graph model of exploits is a variation of the semantic graph, built on the basis of the control flow graph and function call dependency graph, and allows taking into account both the main code execution route and functional dependencies between imported function names when generating signs of exploit execution.Contribution: Elena Fedorchenko - development of a methodology for classifying exploits based on features generated using a graph model of the source code of exploits and related weaknesses and vulnerabilities; Igor Kotenko and Andrey Fedorchenko - analysis of the state of affairs in the presentation of the source code of exploits for the purpose of dynamic assessment of the security of information systems, setting the problem of classifying exploits, developing an approach to obtaining classification features; Andrey Fedorchenko - collection and preliminary analysis of initial data; Evgenia Novikova - experimental study of the proposed approach; Igor Saenko and Elena Fedorchenko - development of the concept of dynamic assessment of the security of information systems in the face of uncertainty in the initial data.
Keywords:  weakness, vulnerability, features, data analysis, data classification, security monitoring.

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Цель исследования: разработка методического подхода для обеспечения кибербезопасности взаимосвязанных микросетей в составе энергетического сообщества.Методы исследования: вероятностные методы, кооперативная и некооперативная теория игр. Результат исследования: Проведен анализ возможных угроз и уязвимостей информационно-коммуникационной инфраструктуры сообщества микросетей. Предложена модель коалиций микросетей, учитывающая такие факторы, как риски кибербезопасности, располагаемые ресурсы микросетей для защиты от кибератак и возможные последствия реализованных киберугроз. Разработана методика определения эффективности защиты от киберугроз в составе коалиций и без для сообщества микросетей. Предусматривается учёт синергетических эффектов при обеспечении кибербезопасности энергетического сообщества в случае объединения в коалиции отдельных микросетей через определение положительного и отрицательного взаимовлияния защищенности и киберугроз исследуемых объектов друг на друга. Для оценки эффективности объединения предложен метод определения совместного выигрыша коалиции, а также справедливое перераспределение дополнительного выигрыша между участниками. Приводятся результаты оценивания эффективности возможного объединения в коалиции для сообщества микросетей на основе вектора Шепли. Научная новизна состоит в том, что для оценки эффективности возможного объединения в коалиции микросетей с целью обеспечения кибербезопасности энергетического сообщества в работе предложен теоретико-игровой подход, сочетающий в себе приемы оценки рисков кибербезопасности на основе теорий вероятностей и нечетких множеств и приемы кооперативной теории игр, предлагающей способы справедливого дележа вложений для организации мер по защите от кибератак.
Keywords: energy community, cybersecurity risk, cyber-attacks, coalitions, cooperative game.

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The purpose of the study: development and practical testing of a new training program in the field of functional safety for technical universities. An important feature of this goal is the independence of its solution from the specific area of operation of complex industrial facilities. The task is to apply a unified engineering approach for training in the field of functional safety - both in the theoretical and in the practical (computational) part.Research methods: system analysis, analytical modeling methods, statistical methods, comparison methods and practical testing methods.The result obtained: the requirements for the creation and evaluation of components from the point of view of functional safety are investigated. A review of the domestic and world scientific literature over the past 10 years and a brief analysis of existing solutions for evaluating components from the point of view of functional safety are made. The structure of the new training course is proposed, the main parts are briefly described - theoretical (lecture) and computational (practical). The generalized procedures for assessing the functional safety of various components are described, as well as the results of their testing in the ITMO University training course in the 2022/2023 academic year.The scientific novelty lies in the systematization and a fairly extensive review of applicable regulatory and methodological documents (GOST R, ISO and IEC) over the past ten years devoted to the assessment of the functional safety of components. A new course for students of technical universities has been proposed, which equally combines practical and theoretical knowledge, has passed a full cycle of approbation.
Keywords: automated control system, import substitution, risks, residual risks, audit, conformity assessment,
digital sovereignty.

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The aim of the study. The aim of the study is to conduct a comparative analysis of binary (BC), multiclass (MCC) and multivalued (MLC) classification methods in information security problems. The boundaries of the study are the system logs formed by the computer network (CN).Method. Сlassification algorithms were analysed: Decision Tree Classifier (DTC); Extra Trees Classifier (ETC); KNeighbors Classifier (KNC); Random Forest Classifier (RFC). The study was conducted on three metrics based onthe Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC-AUC): ROC-AUCMicro, ROC-AUCMacro, ROC-AUCWeighted using two methods One-vs-one, OVO or One-vs-everyone, OVE (in some sources - One-vs-rest - OVR). The experiment implied an iterative assessment of the classification quality depending on the number of ED attributes. The ED attributes were ranked in descending order of their total informative value and statistical significance.
Results. The analysis of binary, multiclass and multivalued implementations of the DTC, ETC, RNC, RFC algorithms in terms of the ROC-AUC parameter (metrics - ROC-AUCscore ovo macro, ROC-AUCscore ovo weighted, ROC-AUCscore ovr macro, ROC-AUCscore ovr micro, ROC-AUCscore ovo micro, ROC-AUCscore ovr weighted). The experiment was carried out for 28 different dimensions of the ED attribute space. The results of the study of the MLC, MCC and BC classifiers according to the AUCovo micro showed that the gain of MLC in comparison with MCC is on average 15% for ETC and reaches 20% for RFC. The gain in the AUCovo micro MСC metric compared to BC averages 20% with a large number of attributes and decreases with a decrease in the number of attributes in ED. Algorithms DTC and KNC show slightly worse results, although the general pattern remains. A study was made of the dependence of the MLC on the ROC-AUC parameter on the dimension of the primary attributes in the ED. It showed that the AUCovo micro metric shows the best results for the ETC and RFC algorithms and averages 80% even when classifying in a small attribute space. The study showed that the use of multivalued classification can increase the classification Accuracy by up to 20% according to the AUCovo micro. Scientific novelty lies in the study of the effectiveness of these classification methods in relation to ED KN by a set of output metrics. It is shown that the gain of MLC over other classification methods is up to 35% in total (MLC versus BC).
Keywords: data mining; abnormal condition; multi-label; binary classification; multiclass classification; feature
importance; Decision Tree Classifier; Extra Trees Classifier; KNeighbors Classifier; Random Forest Classifier.

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AbstractIntroduction. The main task of the communication system functioning is the transmission of information messages to correspondents. The telecommunications system may include various broadcast communication channels. Conditions for maximizing and evaluating information efficiency are not known for all models of broadcast channels. The studies of the broadcast channel, which includes three components of the communication channel according to the criterion of maximizing information efficiency, are being updated.Purpose: of the study is to evaluate the information efficiency of a three-part broadcast communication channel model by introducing an indicator of message transmission information rate.Method. Introduction of a new in information theory information measure of general information of a broadcast channel with three components and study of the proposed measure properties.Results. A model of a broadcast channel, including three components of a communication channel, was proposed and investigated. Terminologically, a new information measure of the broadcast channel model under study is defined, named as general information, which is represented by a random variable on a combined ensemble of four messages at the input and outputs of the channel. The properties of the introduced information measure have been conclusively investigated. Through the new terminology, the channel information rate is defined, which is used as an indicator of information efficiency showing the maximum estimate of the average total information per one transmitted symbol over the broadcast channel, regardless of the length of the transmitted message and the probability distribution law at the channel input. The evaluation of the information indicator by the graphical-analytical method is carried out. An analysis of the estimates and conditions for maximizing the information speed has been made. The binding conditions of the obtained results with known studies of broadcast communication channels various models are shown.Practical significance. The presented results may be useful for specialists to assess the potential for information transmission, synthesized high-performance telecommunication systems, including broadcast communication channels. Discussion: The presented results deepen and expand the known estimates of various broadcast communication channels. Further research is related to the evidence-based information-theoretic evaluation of the effectiveness of the presented model of the broadcast communication channel.
Keywords: entropy; mutual information; joint information; an information measure of the common information of
the three-part broadcast communication channel; information rate of information transfer; information efficiency.

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The goal of the study is to create a method of detecting attacks on complex objects and processes by evaluating and predicting their state; the method is based on 7 principles proposed by the authors earlier; a feature of method is its invariance with respect to the genesis of attacks. Research methods: system analysis, analytical modeling methods, statistical methods and machine learning, software code development for the implementation of estimation and prediction algorithms.
Result: proposed method of attack detection on a complex object that uses assessment of current and future prediction states; the description of method is given in schematic and analytical form using a cross-cutting example from information security field; theoretical significance lies in the scientific and methodological apparatus of assessment and prediction development of states different structure objects; the practical significance lies in the possibility of direct implementation of software prototype with potentially high efficiency. The first part of the article formulates the prerequisites for creating a step-by-step method for detecting at-tacks of different genesis on complex objects based on state information. The description of all stages of the method and the basic logic of their implementation are given. The attack detection scheme represented in graphical form is described element by element. The scientific novelty is to create a method of detecting attacks on a complex object (or process), which is based on a fundamentally new approach to the evaluation and prediction of its state, obtained by the authors in previous studies. As a result, this method is applicable to subject area without taking into account its specificity, which in particular is achieved through the use of author's original intellectual fuzzy graph-oriented model. In contrast to the large number of information systems attacks detection methods, this method is described not only in terms of graphical scheme and steps sequence, but also using analytical record of algorithms that allows to apply to it certain mathematical apparatuses (for example, to justify the performance or optimization of individual steps).
Keywords: information technology, information security, complex object, complex process, attack detection method, analytical algorithm, experiment.

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16. Zakharov N.A., Klepikov V.I., Podkhvatilin D.S. Setevyye vstraivayemyye sistemy // Avtomatizatsiya v promyshlennosti. 2020. № 3. S. 58-61. (in Russian) DOI: 10.25728/avtprom.2020.03.14
17. Stepanov Ye.P., Smelyanskiy R.L. Sravnitel‘nyy analiz mnogopotochnykh transportnykh protokolov // Sistemy i sredstva informatiki. 2022. T. 32. № 2. S. 155-170. (in Russian) DOI: 10.14357/08696527220215

Purpose: show promising technologies that will be used in new generations of wireless data transmission systems, to identify their vulnerabilities, as well as possible solutions to them.Method: the method of system analysis of open data on existing and promising technologies that ensure thesecurity of wireless data transmission networks is applied.Result: actual problems in the field of information security of wireless data transmission systems are identified. Conclusions are drawn about the need to use promising data transmission technologies in the near future, as well as their shortcomings. Since the amount of data transmitted over wireless networks is constantly increasing, the introduction of new generation networks must be implemented in the next decade, but this article highlights certain problems in security and data transfer speed, solutions for which are not yet available, or they are not economically feasible. In addition, problems have been identified when using machine learning and artificial intelligence, which can help attackers bypass existing security measures. The article also indicates problems with the balance of the quality of customer service and the security of data transmission.The scientific novelty: the presented article is one of the first Russian works devoted to the analysis and generalization of information security problems in wireless data transmission networks in 5/6 generation networks. The main problems of information security, as well as possible solutions to them, are formulated.
Keywords: Wireless networks, heterogeneous networks, information security, orthogonal multiple access, cognitive radio networks, multiplexing with orthogonal frequency division, PLS development directions, PLS problems.

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Objective: to propose a methodological apparatus for probabilistic prediction of the reputation protection of Russian political figures in the conditions of “fake” threats, with its help to assess the protection of a virtual political figure from “fakes” and to quantitatively rationale effective ways of countering “fakes” in the public information space.Research methods include: methods of probability theory, methods of system analysis. The initially positive reputation of some collective image of a political figure (virtual political figure) in the conditions of the emergence and implementation of “fake” threats acts as a modelled system.Result: The author’s model of dangerous impact on the protected system, also recommended by national standards for system engineering, has been adapted for probabilistic forecasting of the protection of the reputation of political figures. As a result of the research, quantitative limits have been determined regarding the probabilities of preserving and discrediting the initially positive reputation of a virtual political figure in the conditions of legal legislation in Russia in the period from the late 90s to 2023. It is revealed that in the absence of legal norms to limit the duration of consideration of claims to protect the reputation of a politician in Russia, there is an unacceptably low degree of protection of an initially positive reputation from such “fakes”, which can be enhanced by the potential capabilities of neuro-linguistic programming technologies and special political technologies of psychological impact on the layman. The popular ways of protecting the reputation of political figures are substantiated, including comprehensive measures for monitoring and identifying threats, the development of the justice system to protect the reputation of a political figure, indicating the quantitative characteristics of countering “fake” threats.Scientific novelty: Today, the impact of “fake” threats in the public information space of Russia is expressed in facts about the degree of trust, successes and defeats of political figures. This front side is visible to everyone, political science studies are devoted to its study. In contrast to these studies, this article is devoted to using the methods of probability theory and system analysis in a proactive mode to build a time-bound, hidden from all eyes, reverse side of the development of “fake” threats and countering them. But not at the semantic level after the fact, but at the level of probabilistic predictions of preserving and discrediting the reputation of a political figure in the eyes of the electorate. At the same time, additional attention is paid to the consideration of previously unexplored possibilities of proactive actions related to the management of reputation protection from “fake” threats. All this together determines the scientific novelty of the conducted research.
Keywords: probability, security, model, political figure, prediction, risk, system analysis, “fake”.

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