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The purpose of the study: is to develop an information protection model for analyzing the constructive security of the distributed registry architecture, taking into account the access control policy and the quantum threat.
Research methods: object-oriented analysis of complex systems, system analysis, theory of modular cluster networks, graph theory, matrix theory, mathematical logic.
Research result: an extended information protection model with full overlap for distributed registry systems has been developed, taking into account the influence of the quantum threat, which allows evaluating constructive protection and conducting formal static or dynamic security analysis of the architecture.
Scientific novelty: based on the methods of the theory of modular cluster networks, an extended information protection model with full overlap has been developed to analyze the constructive security of a distributed registry due to the cluster decomposition of architecture and information interactions, taking into account the effectiveness of information security tools. The system criteria for evaluating constructive protection are shown.
The results were obtained with the financial support of the project «Technologies for countering previously unknown quantum cyber threats», implemented within the framework of the state program of the «Sirius» Federal Territory «Scientific and technological development of the «Sirius» Federal Territory (Agreement No. 23-03 dated September 27, 2024).
Keywords: modular cluster network, quantum threat.

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3. Ishchukova E. A. On the influence of cryptographic stability of hashing functions on the stability of modern blockchain ecosystems and platforms. (2025). Voprosy Kiberbezopasnosti [Cybersecurity issue]. № 3(67), c. 63–71. DOI: 10.21681/2311-3456-2025-3-63-71 (Russian Text).
4. Balyabin A. A., Petrenko S. A. Model of a blockchain platform with cyber-immunity under quantum attacks. (2025). Voprosy Kiberbezopasnosti [Cybersecurity issue]. № 3(67). P. 72–82. DOI: 10.21681/2311-3456-2025-3-72-82 (Russian Text).
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Purpose of the study: the purpose of the work is to develop recommendations for the implementation of secure software development tools and the implementation development processes based on the analysis of information security threats in software development related to the possibility of creating and using extension modules for optimizing compilers by attackers.
Methods of research: the main research methods include analysis and synthesis, modeling and experiment.
Result(s): the article examines the vulnerabilities of optimizing compilers of GCC and LLVM to malicious interference in the optimization pipeline, which can be carried out by hackers through standard software interfaces provided to enhance the functionality of such compilers and the effectiveness of software developed with their help.
The relevance of the work is determined by the current regulatory and technical requirements for developers of secure software to analyze information security threats from software development tools, one of the key elements of which
are optimizing compilers. The article discusses the features of the analysis and transformation of the source code by optimizing compilers of GCC and LLVM in the process of optimizing the source code. The possibility of practical implementation of attacks that change the optimization pipeline in such a way that the algorithm of functioning of the target application fundamentally changes in the way required by the attacker is shown. As a result, recommendations are given on how to neutralize such threats.
Scientific novelty: the paper shows the need to expand the regulatory requirements for secure C/C++ compilers and measures to develop secure software, in terms of the need to control the use of extension modules for the tools used.
Keywords: development tools, software, compiler, information security threat, GCC, LLVM.

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3. Leonov N. V. COUNTERING SOFTWARE VULNERABILITIES. Part 1. ONTOLOGICAL MODEL // Voprosy kiberbezopasnosti. 2024, № 2(60). S. 87–92. DOI: 10.21681/2311-3456-2024-2-87-92.
4. Leonov N. V. COUNTERING SOFTWARE VULNERABILITIES. Part 2. ANALYTICAL MODEL AND CONCEPTUAL SOLUTIONS // Voprosy kiberbezopasnosti. 2024, № 3 (61). S. 90–95. DOI: 10.21681/2311-3456-2024-3-90-95.
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7. Muravyev S. K. Information security threats of optimizing compilers’ plugins. IT Security (Russia), [S.l.], v. 31, no. 4, p. 44–55, 2024. ISSN 2074-7136. ISSN 2074-7136. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.26583/bit.2024.4.02.
8. Rastello F., Tichadou F. B. SSA-based Compiler Design. – Springer, 2022. – ISBN 978-3-030-80514-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80515-9.
9. Khedler U. GCC Translation Sequence and Gimple IR. URL: https://reup.dmcs.pl/wiki/images/d/da/Gcc-gimple.pdf, (дата обращения:02.10.2024).
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11. Egorov V. Yu. Development of the QP OS operating system // New information technologies and systems: A collection of scientific articles based on the materials of the XVII International Scientific and Technical Conference, Penza, November 18-19, 2020. – Penza: Penza State University, 2020. – pp. 45– 47. – EDN EJXOIX.

Research objective: development of a method assessing the security of critical information infrastructure (CII) based on semi-natural and simulation modeling tools. The proposed method allows to develop parametric accurate simulation models of the CII object to investigate the properties of security and stability, to model the impact on the objects of computer attacks (CA).
Research methods: mathematical methods of systems theory and systems analysis of probability theory, methods of graph theory, methods of simulation modeling.
Research result: the proposed modeling method allows to take into account the configuration and communication features of the construction and functioning of CII objects, the dynamics and parameters of the intruder's impact on the CII objects, the existing security policy, to model the stability property, to conduct research on the degree of influence of the constituent elements on the security of the CII object. The developed modeling method makes it possible to assess the security of KII objects taking into account the configuration and communication parameters of the KII object, to reduce the dependence on expert assessments, to obtain parametrically justified security assessments.
Keywords: information security, communication infrastructure, configuration infrastructure, mathematical modeling, simulation modeling, hypernets, security assessment, stability, protocol data blocks.

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Purpose of the study: to study the possibilities and limitations of an information security attacker in organizing an attack on large fundamental models designed to work with program code.
Methods of research: comparison and juxtaposition, system analysis.
Results: the article presents the features of large fundamental models as objects of information protection, the principles of implementing the most relevant attacks on large fundamental models designed to work with program code, provides metrics that allow comparing the effectiveness of various approaches to attacks, and identifies the problems that exist in this area for attackers Scientific novelty: large fundamental models in the world are just beginning to be used for working with program code.
The article systematically describes information security threats and possible attacks on systems using these models.
Problematic issues requiring further research are also presented.
Keywords: deep learning, intruders, threats, backdoor, data poisoning, model poisoning, adversarial attacks.

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The purpose of this article: development of a pattern for a web application in case of a threat of uncontrolled growth of the number of reserved resources as a result of incomplete user verification.
Research method: analysis of the principles of DDoS attacks. Synthesis of DDoS attack scenarios for three types of attacks: transport layer, infrastructure layer, and application layer. The security scenario of a web application is chosen as the basis for the threat of an uncontrolled increase in the number of reserved resources as a result of incomplete user verification. A new protection mechanism has been proposed that provides redirection and verification of the user on a special set of tasks and further balancing of his request to the web application using the IP Hash method. The research was carried out by full-scale modeling of a Docker-based web application in containerization-enabled environments, its deployment and testing.
Result: the analysis of the threat of uncontrolled growth in the number of reserved resources is carried out and the relevance of the problem of developing universal template security mechanisms called patterns is shown. In particular, the scenarios of DDoS attacks on web applications are considered. A scenario for ensuring the security of a web application is proposed when there is a threat of an uncontrolled increase in the number of reserved resources as a result of incomplete user verification. A microservice architecture has been built to ensure the security of a web application. A pattern has been developed for a web application in the event of a threat of uncontrolled growth in the number of reserved resources as a result of incomplete user verification based on microservices integrated into containers. As part of the research, a user verification service was developed in JavaScript, with Docker-based virtualization, and with an nginx load balancer.
The protection mechanism is implemented as follows. Before entering the web application, the user is redirected to a page where a specific task is required: to solve a mathematical example, to recognize symbols in the right way, to recognize graphic objects in the right way. Upon successful completion of the tasks, the user is redirected to the web application, passing through one of the three load balancers using the IP Hash method. The program code of the user verification service has been developed, including codes of special methods and algorithms for the three tasks mentioned above. A web application security pattern based on Grafana k6 has been tested. The test program code has been developed.js with an implemented testing scenario that includes three stages with different load levels. Up to 20 virtual users participated in the test at the same time, with a gradual increase in workload. As a result of testing, not a single request failure was recorded, all 4816 requests were successful – this indicates the stable operation of the web application security pattern.
Practical value: the practical value of the proposed solution includes a pattern for a web application under the threat of uncontrolled growth in the number of reserved resources as a result of incomplete user verification, which can be applied to a wide range of web applications.
Keywords: template, DDoS attack, botnet, user verification service, load balancer, IP Hash method, character recognition task, graphic object recognition task, mathematical task, container, testing.

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Purpose of the research: development of a methodology for the parametric synthesis of cyber-resilient blockchain ecosystems and platforms of the ‘Data Economy’ of the Russian Federation with cyber-immunity under the new quantum threat.
Methods of the research: methods of system analysis, methods of probability theory and mathematical statistics, methods of the theory of stability of complex systems, methods of similarity and dimensionality theory.
Result of the research: an study of existing approaches to ensuring quantum resilience of blockchain platforms with cyber-immunity has been conducted; a hypothesis regarding the possibility of ensuring the required cyber-resilience of blockchain platforms with cyber-immunity under quantum attacks has been formulated; a methodology for the parametric synthesis of quantum-resilient blockchain ecosystems and platforms of the ‘Data Economy’ of the Russian Federation with cyber-immunity has been developed using similarity theory methods; experimental studies of the methodology have been carried out, the results of which confirmed the proposed hypothesis.
Scientific novelty: the proposed methodology differs from existing ones in that it introduces new groups of formal operations for each level of blockchain platforms with cyber-immunity functionality, aimed at evaluating the necessary and sufficient values of neutralizing impact parameters using similarity theory methods. Additionally, it includes a criterion that allows establishing the existence of a solution for the given values of required cyber-resilience and time performance indicators of the blockchain platform.
Keywords: threats to information security, quantum threats to security, blockchain ecosystems and platforms, cybersecurity, cyber resilience, methods of analysis and synthesis of quantum-resistant blockchain.

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The research aims to develop method for method for verifying data used in digital systems for protection, automation and control of microgrids with distributed energy resources.
The research relies on the probabilistic methods, machine learning methods.
Research result: the information support of microgrids protection schemes is considered, possible cyber attacks are analyzed, the successful implementation of which may result in a violation of the functionality of digital protection devices of microgrids. A data verification method has been developed using unsupervised learning methods, including isolation forest and the k-nearest neighbors method, which effectively identifies and corrects measurement errors during attacks on the information infrastructure of microgrids protection systems under false data injection attacks.
The scientific novelty lies in the fact that an approach has been proposed that ensures the stability of microgrids protection systems during cyber attacks and, thereby, prevents false alarms and failures of protection devices.
Keywords: active power distribution systems, protection schemes, cybersecurity, data verification, random processes, machine learning.

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Purpose of the study: to develop the unified methodology to reduce the time and effort spent by an information security incident response team to localize (contain) information security incidents occurring in distributed automated information systems.
Methods of research: analysis and synthesis of existing publicly available materials and advances, including patented ones, related to information security incident response and data analysis, as well as modeling.
Result(s): 1. The conceptual model and unified methodology of information security incident response are proposed, which, unlike the known ones, take into account the specifics of construction and maintenance of distributed automated information systems, focus on active counteraction to the attacker and are based on the principle of data-centricity, which reduces the time and effort spent by an information security incident response team to localize information security incidents, i.e., increase the efficiency of the activity of an information security incident response team. 2. Three methods within the proposed methodology are formulated, including the method of organizing the unified subsystem for storing information security monitoring data and information security incident data, the method of providing a mandate to perform an action to localize an information security incident, and the method of processing information security monitoring data and information security incident data. The latter method, unlike the known ones, is aimed at confirming the information security incident and making a decision on the need (lack of need) for its localization, and also provides for mandatory verification of the localization action, which allows at each stage of implementation of the proposed methodology to make a positive contribution to reducing the time and effort spent by an information security incident response team to localize information security incidents, as well as ascertain that actions to localize information security incidents were implemented.
Scientific novelty: The conceptual model of response to information security incidents is based on a continuous process of data processing (data pipeline) from four different types of data sources, taking into account the attribute composition of data relevant to a particular distributed automated information system. The information security incident response methodology focuses on active counteraction to the attacker, is based on the principle of data-centricity, and provides for mandatory verification that actions to localize information security incidents were implemented.
Keywords: managed detection and response, incident response team, incident localization (containment), data-centricity, data, data source, method.

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The purpose of the study: development of a method for determining the digital profile of Telegram channels in information interaction networks and a procedure for classifying channels based on the allocated digital profile.
Method: includes the following stages: graph of interacting objects construction, based on data imported from the Telegram network, digital profiles determination for vertices based on their attribute data and graph properties, clustering of vertices based on the selected profiles, centers of the obtained clusters and the original Telegram channels classification, computational experiments and analysis of the results.
Results: the article introduces the digital profile definition for a Telegram channel, presented as one of the vertices of a graph of interacting objects. The digital profile is defined through a normalized 5-dimensional feature vector based on the attribute data of the vertex and the graph properties. The selected characteristics reflect the properties of Telegram channels in the constructed graph and the metadata obtained during import from the network. The authors then describe an algorithm for clustering the obtained profiles using configurable parameters. The centers of the selected clusters are classified according to 4 types proposed by the authors, characterizing the roles of vertices in the graph of interacting objects. Due to this, all vertices of the graph are classified – the original Telegram channels of the analyzed network. The proposed approach provides valuable information about the roles of Telegram channels in information interaction networks.
Scientific novelty: a new approach to the analysis of Telegram channels is developed: a method for creating a digital profile of a Telegram channel in the form of a 5-dimensional feature vector, allowing the analysis and classification of channels. The approach also proposes a procedure for classifying such digital profiles based on computational methods, which allows to identify the main types of Telegram channels of the downloaded subnet according to a given classification.
Keywords: digital profiles, social network analysis, scale-free networks, model of information impact, community identification, classification problems.

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Relevance: the features of processing restricted electronic documents in computer systems actualize the issues of formation of minimum scenarios on each stage of the document lifespan fulfilment. Known algorithms in searching for such scenarios do not take into account the variability of the value of indicators of computing spending resource of a single request in the scenario applied by the security policy and cannot be applied.
The purpose of the study: is to develop a methodology for developing minimum scenarios of implementation of the stages of the life cycle of an electronic document with limited access processed by the computer system.
Methods used: These scenarios are proposed to be considered as ways in the transition diagram of a finite state machine describing the implemented security policy in the computer system. As the weight of edges processing each atomic request in scenario is taken as weight, which allows to apply approaches in building and processing of transformation matrix transition of high-order finite state machine and search for ways in it, based on the works of F. Hohn, S. Seshu, D. Aufenkamp, A. Gill.
The novelty value: is the order of calculation of the computing spending resource, taking into account the dependence of successive requests in the scenario between them. The novelty elements should also include the conditions described and justified in the work of stopping the search for minimal scenarios in the considered finite state machine.
Result: the developed methodology allows to determine the execution scenario of the lifespan stage of a document processed by the computer system, characterized by minimum computing resources, taking into account the applied security policy, avoiding the method of crude force. The use of such scenarios as a response to a request user of a restricted document processing computer system would eliminate the possibility of the document lifespan failure and minimize the attempts of its processing.
Keywords: finite state machine, computing resource costs, computer system, finding a path in a finite state machine, security policy, document processing scenario, access management in a computer system.

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The goal of the research: increasing the efficiency of neutralizing program vulnerabilities by intellectualizing its reverse engineering using genetic algorithms Research methods: system analysis and optimization methods, graph theory, functional and structural synthesis, general programming methodology and compiler theory.
Results: a hierarchical three-level set of methods was synthesized, consisting of a genetic reverse-engineering program method, a genetic de-evolution method of its neighboring representations (machine and source code, algorithms, architecture, etc.), and a group of methods for implementing the genetic algorithms fundamental operations.
The scientific novelty of the complex methods lies in their focus on solving the reverse engineering problem by direct transformations of the program into subsequent representations, in contrast to classical ones that perform inverse transformations. Also, the algorithms of the methods group of the complex are based on working with the original source code model, representing it as a genes sequence.
Keywords: vulnerability neutralization, reverse engineering, artificial intelligence, genetic algorithms, complex of methods.

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The purpose of the article is defining of main countermeasures for steganographic techniques usage in cyberattacks, comprising the development of a steganalysis tool as an example of one of the ways.
Research methods: steganography in cyberattacks usage scenario analysis; steganalysis methods and available security tests review; image steganalysis software tool development; experimental evaluation of the developed tool.
The result obtained: main directions of countermeasures for cyberattack steganographic techniques were formulated in the article. Image complex steganalysis software tool using a neural network to LSB insertion detection in an object has been developed. The results of the developed tool were evaluated. The study reveals directions for further researches and main applications of the study’s results, in particular, for improving DLP and SIEM solutions.
The scientific novelty of the article is countermeasures for steganographic mechanisms as cyberattack techniques research. In the article proposed a steganalysis scenario based on several analysis methods combined usage.
Keywords: steganography, steganalysis, MITRE ATT&CK, SIEM, DLP, cyberattack, neural networks, machine learning,
Cyber Kill Chain.

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The purpose of the work is to analyze the problems of automated assessment of the sufficiency of non-cryptographic information security tools in radio channels of radio data transmission systems of robotic complexes.
Research methods: general scientific methods – analysis, deductive inference, methods of system analysis and theory of algorithms, application of related abstractions of potential realizability and actual infinity.
The result of the study: an approach to formalizing problems in the field of information security in the form of constructive objects is proposed, the application of which made it possible to form the corresponding massive problems of information protection in radio channels of radio data transmission systems of robotic complexes and evaluate them for algorithmic solvability. It is proposed to use the description of information security tools through a set of non-trivial semantic properties of the algorithms that control them. This approach provides an opportunity to abstract from the specifics of the implementation of information security tools and use such descriptions as part of constructive objects when using algorithms for assessing sufficiency and choosing the optimal set of information protection tools in radio channels. A hypothesis about the interrelation of these mass problems is proposed, for which a theorem is formulated and proved.
Scientific significance: the presented results form the basis for the study of computational aspects of the task of constructing an effective algorithm for the formation of a set of information security tools in the radio channels of robotic complexes. The proposed description of information security tools by a set of non-trivial semantic properties of the algorithms controlling them provides the possibility of adequate consideration of their essential content and features significant for solving the problem without the need to consider their software or hardware-software implementation.
Keywords: algorithm, algorithmic problem, confidentiality, cryptographic protection of information, mass problems, Turing machine, simulation, threat, equivalence problems.

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Objective: to study the transformational potential of quantum annealing in solving the problem of simple factorization.
Research method(s): the approach includes a comprehensive review of recent experimental breakthroughs and theoretical innovations. In particular, we analyze techniques such as surface code memory, HUBO and QUBO formulations, range-dependent Hamiltonian algorithms, modular locally structured embedding methods, and a modified multiplication table method random number.
Research Output(s): the study evaluates the application of quantum annealing to factorization of primes, showing that advanced problem mapping techniques, such as the HUBO and QUBO formulations, significantly improve the efficiency of representing complex factorization problems on quantum hardware. Notably, the inclusion of surface code memory increases the stability of qubit states during annealing, reducing errors and improving computational accuracy It also demonstrates that Hamiltonian's range-dependent algorithms and modular, locally structured embedding methods help optimize qubit interaction, enabling a more accurate factorization process. A modified multiplication table method is presented, providing an optimized computational strategy, especially effective for large composite numbers. Preliminary experiments with random numbers confirm the theoretical conclusions, indicating that these integrated methods allow for better performance than traditional approaches. Taken together, the results highlight the potential of quantum annealing as a solid foundation for solving complex cryptographic problems and lay the foundation for future research into scalable quantum algorithms and hardware implementations.
Scientific novelty: the work combines several advanced quantum annealing techniques for factorization of prime numbers, combining experimental innovations with theoretical developments to propose a new framework that improves the efficiency of cryptographic computing.
Keywords:  Quantum Annealing, RSA, QUBO, Prime Factorization.

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Purpose of the study: to consider the features of the use of recurrent neural networks in solving the problem of detecting phishing emails.
Methods of research: comparison, mathematical and software modeling, system analysis.
Result(s): The concept and types of phishing attacks are considered. The analysis of modern publications on the use of recurrent neural networks in phishing detection tasks has been carried out, which has shown that the use of recurrent networks makes it possible to detect phishing emails with high probability. Publicly available datasets have been analyzed: most datasets are focused on detecting phishing URLs. The few datasets focused on the text of an email are overwhelmingly in English, and high-quality Russian-language datasets are not publicly available, so our own dataset of Russian-language emails was compiled. Mathematical and software modeling of various recurrent neural networks for detecting phishing emails has also been carried out: RNN, LSTM, BiLSTM and a comparative analysis of their characteristics has been carried out. The dependences of loss characteristics and accuracy on the number of epochs are revealed. A comparative analysis of recurrent networks has shown that the BiLSTM network, which detected 91.43 % of phishing emails, was the most effective in solving phishing detection problems in the framework of research. The RNN network showed the worst characteristics, which detected only 50.71 % of phishing emails from the test sample. It should be noted that these results were obtained for networks trained on small-volume datasets (300 emails).
Scientific novelty: the research results allow us to reasonably conclude that of the considered recurrent neural networks, BiLSTM is the one that best copes with the tasks of detecting phishing emails with small amounts of training dataset.
Keywords: cyberbullying, phishing protection, recurrent neural networks RNN, LSTM, BiLSTM

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The purpose of the study: development of an approach to identify anomalies in process data based on explainable machine learning in order to further select countermeasures taking into account possible sources of anomalies.
Research methods: statistical analysis, machine learning methods, methods of generating explanations for machine learning model predictions. 
Results obtained: an approach to explainable anomaly detection in the flow of data from technological processes is proposed, its main stages are presented, which is based on the transformation of the input data vector into a matrix, and the detection of anomalies using a convolutional neural network; the method of transformation of the data vector into a matrix is developed and the influence of the data transformation algorithm on the efficiency of solving the problem of anomaly detection is evaluated; the method of testing the accuracy of the generated explanations is developed and the experimental evaluation is carried out.
Scientific novelty: the proposed approach to the identification of anomalies in process data differs from the existing ones by using the technique of transforming the input data vector into a matrix, which allows us to apply a convolutional neural network as an analytical model of anomaly detection and methods of generating explanations developed specifically for neural networks of this architecture.
Contributions: Evgenia Novikova – development of a method for converting the input data flow; Marat Bukhtiyarov – experimental study of the proposed approach; Igor Kotenko – development of a general approach to explainable detection of anomalies of the concept of dynamic assessment of the security of information systems in conditions of uncertainty of the initial data; Igor Kotenko, Igor Saenko and Elena Fedorchenko – analysis of the state of arts in identifying anomalies in technological processes and forming explanations for forecasts of machine learning models.
Keywords: cyber attack and anomaly detection, industrial cyberphysical systems anomaly generation, evaluation
of explanation accuracy

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The purpose of the article is to propose a method for forming a digital profile of a person, which can be used to analyze and predict the criminogenic situation.
Research method: logical and mathematical methods, such as typological model, deterministic model and simulation modeling, are used. In addition, the method of analysis of mathematical models, including the stochastic model, is used, which allows to obtain a more accurate and detailed picture.
Result: data analysis systems can be used to extract, analyze, transform and present information that is essential for operational-search and investigative activities. The authors, referring to the existing judicial practice, reveal the importance of communication data for obtaining a digital profile of a person, which formally do not belong to personal data as a category of restricted information. is a mathematical modeling of the criminogenic situation based on the analysis of independent digital data left by the user of the social network. Thus, as a result of the study, patterns have been identified that make it possible to predict the behavior of groups of people who transmit harmful information on the network, or the placement of information of this category.
Practical value: on the basis of the theoretical experiment, a conclusion is made about the possibility of using mathematical methods in the criminological analysis of crime.
Keywords: information technology, communication data, analysis of digital shadows and digital footprints, personal data, mathematical modeling.

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