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The goal of article: is disclosure content of terms with the prefix «cyber» and assessment validity of their use in domestic national practice.
The method of research: is semantic analysis, comparison and contrast, ontology of concepts and their system analysis.
The result of the research: is widespread use of terms with the prefix «cyber» and the absence of their definitions in domestic national documents. A brief analysis of the proposals of specialists to define such terms as «cyberspace», «cybersecurity», etc. has defined. It is noted that these definitions do not show exactly how the terms with the prefixes «cyber» differ from terms used today, such as information security threat, network attack, etc., and why «new» terms can and should be used. It is noted that the prefix «cyber» shows their involvement with computers, including the Internet, information and telecommunication systems, etc. In this case, there is an important sign of such involvement: in devices, systems, processes, phenomena, to which these words with the prefix «cyber» are related, information in digital form is processed (created, transmitted, received, recorded, destroyed, etc.). Based on the above, definitions of such terms as «cyberspace», «cybersecurity», «cyber threat», «cyberattack» are provided.
Keywords: digital information, Information space, Cyberspace, Digital technology, Cyber threats, Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS).

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The purpose of the research: development of a mathematical model of quantum threats to information security based on Petri nets for national blockchain ecosystems and platforms of the «Data Economy» of the Russian Federation.
The method of the research: methods of system analysis, methods of Petri net theory, methods of probability theory and mathematical statistics, methods of the theory of stability of complex systems.
The result of the research: a mathematical model of quantum threats to security based on Petri nets is presented and substantiated, which made it possible to set a metric and measure of ensuring cyber resilience for a typical national blockchain system in the face of new cyber attacks by intruders using a quantum computer.
Keywords: threats to information security, quantum threats to security, blockchain ecosystems and platforms, cybersecurity, cyber resilience, methods of analysis and synthesis of quantum-resistant blockchain.

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Purpose of the research: investigation of vulnerabilities of low-orbit satellite constellation, as well as methods of counteraction and neutralization of threats related to providing unauthorized access to the Internet to users.
Research method: analytical review of relevant scientific information, information security assessment method.
Research result: the analytical review is presented to assess the interference immunity of the Starlink satellite constellation using Signal-to-Noise Ratio technical parameters. Common vulnerabilities for the Starlink 1.0, Starlink 1.5, Starlink 2.0 and Starlink 2.0 mini-series of spacecraft are identified. The technological design of the Starlink satellite Internet system developed by SpaceX is shown, including information on defenses against jamming, hacking, and cyberattacks.
Interference techniques utilizing signal phase shifting, adaptive RF interference, coherent and virtual interference, electromagnetic pulses, reflectors and deflectors, resonant scattering, and the use of bionic devices and microdrones are discussed. Both disadvantages and advantages are presented for all the methods considered. Interference techniques with the most promising approach are identified.
Practical usefulness lies in the fact that, based on the analysis of interference techniques, technical solutions for exploiting vulnerabilities in network hardware and software are proposed.
Keywords: signal phase shift, adaptive RF interference, coherent interference, virtual interference, electromagnetic pulses, reflector, deflector, resonant scattering, bionic device, microdrone.

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The aim of the work is to develop a methodology for increasing the fault tolerance of a cyberphysical system through the use of countermeasures, depending on the identified threats when exposed to attacks on it.
Research method: the developed methodology is based on a conceptual model that describes the cyberphysical parameters and structural and functional characteristics of the system, and also allows you to identify current threats affecting the cyberphysical system. The methodology formally describes the threats that pose a danger to cyber-physical systems, assesses the risks of these threats and suggests effective countermeasures to reduce the risk of threats. An ontological approach is used to hierarchically represent knowledge about cyberphysical parameters and threats. The ontology allows us to describe the ratio of threats affecting the structural and functional characteristics, as well as to identify countermeasures that help minimize information security risks.
Research results: a methodology has been developed that, based on the analysis of the structural and functional characteristics of the system and their criticality, allows identifying current threats and selecting effective countermeasures to minimize them. An analysis of the main parameters of cyber-physical systems was conducted, a conceptual model was compiled that allows describing the structure of the cyber-physical system. As a result of the analysis of the main parameters of cyber-physical systems, those that are most susceptible to cyber-attacks were identified. A list of countermeasures was also created that minimize security risks, which increases the fault tolerance of the cyber-physical system. The result of the work is a list of attacks that are relevant for cyber-physical systems, as well as a number of countermeasures that minimize the identified cyber-attacks, while the countermeasures are divided into three categories.
Scientific novelty: the use of an ontological approach to describe the cyber-physical parameters and structural and functional characteristics of a cyber-physical system, which made it possible to identify those most susceptible to attacks and assess security risks.
Keywords: internet of things, sensors, cyberattack, threats, vulnerabilities, structural and functional characteristics, means of data transmission, countermeasures, incident.

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The purpose of the study: is to substantiate the relevance, formulate and formalize the scientific task of quantifying the stability of the functioning of a critical information infrastructure in relation to the conditions of exposure to threats of violation of its information security.
Research methods: system analysis, analysis of a scientific problem, formalization of scientific knowledge, methodology of scientific research.
The results obtained: the verbal and formal statements of the scientific problem are formulated.
Scientific novelty: the author's approach to assessing the dynamics of the stability of the functioning of critical information infrastructure in the face of threats, taking into account the available resource, is proposed.
Practical significance: The developed formulation of the scientific problem can serve as the basis for the formulation of the terms of reference for the development of methods, models and tools for quantifying the stability of the functioning of objects of critical information structure operating under the influence of threats.
Keywords: threats of information security violations, a system for restoring functionality, critical information infrastructure, recoverability, protection from threats, a renewable resource, a non-renewable resource.

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The purpose of the study: increasing the security of the web service of corporate information systems in the context
of network reconnaissance.
Methods used: Pareto optimization, ideal point, Nelder-Mead, particle swarm, simulated annealing.
The result of the study: a model for the functioning of a web service of corporate information systems in network
intelligence conditions has been developed, which is implemented in the form of a semi-Markov random process with
discrete states and continuous time. The probabilistic-time characteristics of the processes under study were obtained, which
are necessary to determine the optimal mode for configuring the parameters of the web service.
The problem of vector optimization has been solved to determine the optimal values of the parameters of the web service
of corporate information systems, such as the number of HTTP response fragments, the time between these fragments,
as well as the number of false web servers, allowing to maximize the effectiveness of protecting the web service of corporate
information systems and minimize the likelihood failure of false web servers under appropriate restrictions.
Scientific novelty: consists in developing a model and algorithm for searching the optimal parameters of a web service
of corporate information systems in network intelligence conditions using the mathematical apparatus of semi-Markov
random processes and scalarization of the vector optimization problem by the ideal point method.
Keywords: random process, probabilistic-time characteristics, web resources, ideal point method, web session, intervaltransition probabilities.

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The purpose of the study: to develop a model system including classical random graph models and generative artificial intelligence models designed to solve the problem of masking the topological properties of computer networks when generating false network traffic and using false network information objects, allowing on the one hand to ensure a given degree of similarity of the topological properties of real computer networks with false ones, and on the other hand to maximize an indicator of the security of critical nodes of real computer networks.
Methods used: Erdos-Renyi random graph, Barbashi, Watts-Strogatz, Harari, Bayesian optimization algorithm, convolutional variational autoencoder model, graph variational autoencoder model, weighted additive linear convolution.
The result of the study: the presented system of models makes it possible to increase the effectiveness of protecting a computer network by forming a stable false idea in an attacker about the topological properties of a computer network, taking into account the increased security of critical nodes by shifting the position of false critical nodes relative to real ones, while ensuring a given degree of similarity of the false topology of a computer network in relation to the real topology.
The model system includes a machine learning pipeline based on random graph models of Erdos-Renyi, Barbashi, WattsStrogatz, Harari, used to form a training dataset, a graph variational autoencoder model, a hidden space sampling model containing quality indicators of the generated false structure, an evolutionary scalar optimization algorithm that searches for the optimal synthesis point a false structure in the hidden space of a variational auto-encoder, as well as a false traffic generator, which implements sending packets with the specified network identifiers. The developed pipeline has limitations in the dimension of the synthesized false topology due to the computational complexity of the generative model learning process and the search for the optimal synthesis point.
Scientific novelty: it consists in the application of a Bayesian optimization algorithm to select the optimal point for the synthesis of a false topology from the hidden space of a trained graph variational autoencoder, in using the objective function represented by a linear weighted convolution from the Jacquard coefficient between the set of edges of the false and real topology of the computer network, indicators of the security of the computer network: the average shortest distance between real and false critical nodes, the Jacquard coefficient between the set of false and real critical nodes of a computer network. In the application of random graph models to form a training dataset. 
Keywords: false information objects, variational autoencoder, machine learning pipeline, artificial intelligence, optimization, metaheuristic algorithms, random graphs.

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Purpose of work: systematization of approaches to organizations’ information and telecommunication networks (ITCN) asset management (AM) as a mandatory stage of managing their vulnerabilities for the subsequent elimination of the possibility of exploitation (usage) of identified vulnerabilities within the framework of ITCN network security management and development of brief instructions for the implementation of the ITCN AM process.
Research methods: analysis of relevant regulatory documents and scientific publications, conceptual modeling, expert assessment, synthesis of an integrated approach to asset management within the framework of network security management.
Results obtained: the article introduces the conceptual framework of the ITCN management system and, based on a specially selected regulatory framework, systematizes approaches to the organization’s ITCN AM as a mandatory stage of managing their vulnerabilities with the aim of subsequently eliminating these vulnerabilities. The activities implemented during the ITCN AM process, especially when identifying ITCN assets, are highlighted and the composition of the ITCN AM system (AMS) is discussed, aimed at minimizing the possibility of computer attacks against the organization's ITCN.
The main documents of the ITCN AMS are briefly considered, namely the strategic plan of the ITCN AMS, lower-level AM plans and the ITCN AM policy, designed to achieve the goals of the ITCN AM. Based on the research conducted, in compliance with the principle of reasonable sufficiency, a brief step-by-step instruction for implementing the ITCN AM process has been developed.
Practical significance consists in developing brief instructions for implementing the ITCN AM process, especially the process of identifying ITCN assets, within the framework of ITCN network security management when solving the problems of eliminating vulnerabilities found for ITCN assets, which, in turn, will lead to minimizing the possibilities of implementing computer attacks against the organizations’ ITCN.
Keywords: information and telecommunication network, asset management, asset management process, asset management system, asset vulnerability management, network security management.

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The purpose of the work is to formalize the model of a complex information conflict and to constructively prove the increase in the informativeness of the model of such a conflict, improved by including indifferent information interaction in it.
Research methods: general scientific methods – abstraction, generalization, analysis, and methods of the theory of algorithms and information theory.
The result of the study: a well-known model of a complex information conflict of information technology systems has been formalized, its qualitative improvement has been carried out for the operating conditions of robotic complexes. It is proposed to measure the informativeness of formalized models directly, rather than indirectly, through modeling the influence of the models used on the quality of the system functioning. Using the abstractions of identification and potential feasibility, which are traditional for theoretical and algorithmic constructions, the approach to using Kolmogorov complexity for quantitative assessment of qualitative improvement of the considered model of complex information conflict is substantiated.
Analytical expressions are obtained that allow evaluating the informativeness of the proposed models.
Practical value: the presented results provide an opportunity to solve the problems of assessing the sufficiency of information security tools and choosing a conflict-resistant state of the radio system, as well as expand the range of methods used in the study of information conflicts.
Keywords: algorithm, information conflict, information interaction, model, electronic conflict, Kolmogorov complexity, robotic complex.

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The purpose of the article: adaptation of the logical-probabilistic method of evaluating complex systems to the tasks
of building information security systems in a multi-agent system.
Research method: during the research, the main provisions of the methodology of structural analysis, system analysis,
decision theory, methods of evaluating events under the condition of incomplete information were used.
The result: This article continues the consideration of information security issues based on the analysis of the relationship between the subjects and the object of protection. Within the framework of the developed model, the definition of such
concepts as hazard assessment, attack surface, as well as the scenario of a complex system is given. It is shown that these
concepts can be quantified on the basis of appropriate assessments of the states of agents' relationships. The expediency of the introduction and the place of specialized agents providing control of monitoring processes for agents is shown. Cascading mechanisms are proposed to provide a unified logical and functional approach to determining hazard assessments.
The obtained results provide a reasonable calculation and use of probabilistic characteristics for the subsequent analysis of relations between subjects of information security based on the application of the logical-probabilistic method in the analysis of these relations.
Scientific novelty: consideration of information security issues using the apparatus of mathematical and logical relations. Methods have been developed for quantifying the danger of destructive impact without involving information about
the presence of actual or used threats both from the point of view of software and from the point of view of the logical structure of the IP. The equivalence between the danger of destructive effects and the current state of relations between agents
is shown. A method for determining the stability of the assessment of the dangerous state of relations has been developed.
It is shown that the developed methods for assessing the danger of states make it possible to exclude separate consideration of errors of the first and second kind when assessing the real intentions of the violator. Approaches have been developed to obtain integrated hazard assessments at the level of both individual agents and various subsystems of modern information systems and systems as a whole by managing the composition of aggregated assessments of the state of agents' relationships.
Keywords: information security model, assessment of complex systems, logical-probabilistic method, theory of relations, system analysis.

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The goal of the investigation: increasing the efficiency of searching for vulnerabilities in machine code of programs by reverse engineering it based on genetic reengineering, for which the architecture of the corresponding software system
is proposed.
Research methods: works survey, system analysis, structural synthesis of architecture, analytical modeling.
Result: a system architecture has been created, which is a set of sequentially executed some-template components
for the de-evolution of the representations of the program being investigated (its machine, assembler and source code,
algorithms, etc.); on each of these representations, a search for corresponding vulnerabilities is carried out.
The scientific novelty consists in the qualitatively new development of the reverse engineering direction through
its intellectualization, for which a high-level description of the author's genetic reengineering system architecture is proposed,
and the formalization of the its elements functioning is also carried out.
Keywords: reverse engineering, genetic algorithm, vulnerability, machine code, architecture, formalization.

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The purpose of this article: development of a template protection mechanism to ensure application security in the event of a threat of modification of a machine learning model.
Research method: analysis of the principles of attacks with ML model distortion and the capabilities of the intruder at the model training stage. Synthesis of an attack scenario using two attack strategies: data input strategy and ML model data modification strategy. The ML model was based on the Bank Customer Churn Prediction model, and an external intruder was selected for the threat, which is capable of changing the data sample for the machine learning model via the network by implementing a training data poisoning attack scenario. Using cryptographic methods, a new protection mechanism is proposed that ensures the integrity of the training data set due to hashing and storing hash sums signed with an electronic digital signature. The study was carried out by natural modeling of a Docker-based application in environments with containerization support, its deployment and testing in the event of a threat of modification of the machine learning model. 
Result: the analysis threat of modification machine learning model and shows the relevance of the problem developing universal template security mechanisms, called patterns. In particular, three applicable attack strategies for modifying a machine learning model based on the capabilities of the intruder are considered – adversarial example, evasion attack and modification of machine learning model data – adversarial example, evasion attack. Scenario of poisoning attack on training data is considered. The article analyzes the threat of modification of machine learning model and shows
the relevance of the problem of developing universal template security mechanisms, called patterns. In particular, three applicable attack strategies for modifying a machine learning model based on the capabilities of the intruder are considered – adversarial example, evasion attack and modification of machine learning model data – adversarial example, evasion attack. A scenario of an attack on training data poisoning is considered. A microservice architecture is built to ensure application security under the threat of modification of a machine learning model for a wide range of applications in the cloud infrastructure. A security pattern is developed to protect the application from an attack on poisoning training data based on microservices integrated into containers and a stack of technologies: Java 17; Spring 5; Docker, docker-compose; PostgreSQL; RabbitMQ; Git; Log4j2; Logstash; Elasticsearch; Kibana; Swagger. As part of the study, 5 microservices were developed: eureka – service, users – api, api – gateway, wrapper – api, config – server. In order to protect data coming into the machine learning model, the wrapper – api microservice was developed. The protection mechanism is that all calls to the machine learning microservice go through it and are checked for damage and/or substitution, data coming from the outside is also validated on the microservice side. Before adding data to the training data DB, the record is reinforced with an electronic signature, the source data is hashed, connected with a secret key. The program code of the microservices has been developed, including codes of special methods and algorithms for their implementation, providing a mechanism for protecting the application from a training data poisoning attack. A monitoring system for a training data poisoning attack was deployed based on the open source software Elasticsearch, Logstash, Kibana through event log objects (appender): error (warn) and information (info), which can be used in SIEM systems.
Practical value: the practical value of the proposed solution includes a template protection mechanism in the form of a pattern that can be applied to a wide range of applications, including transferring the developed solution to any industry: fuel and energy, economics and more, due to the cross-platform nature of the solution itself.
Keywords: cloud computing, dataset, template, poisoning attack, adversarial example, evasion attack, causative attack, container, machine learning, event log, monitoring system.

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The purpose of the study is a formal proof for impossibility of precise identification of data flows, that occur in process of software building.
Research methods: analysis of typical building process mathematical model in relation to fundamental problems of mathematics.
Study results: in the proposed study a formal proof is suggested, that it is fundamentally impossible to identify data flow in software building process precisely. Practical applications of mentioned precise identification are also covered by this work as well as heuristic resolution steps for the problem are suggested. Implementation means for some of suggested steps overview is also provided. Proposed algorithm is aware of necessary conditions for data flows to exist, which leads to a potentially low level of false negatives.
The scientific novelty consists in applicability analysis of a fundamental approach to named problem resolution as well as made suggestion for heuristic algorithm with potentially low level of false negatives. Practical reasons for the problem
to be researched are also covered by the study, that strengthens its importance.
Keywords: Rice’s theorem, supply chain security, file-level redundancy, undeclared capabilities, open-source software, build process monitoring, build systems, heuristic approaches to enforcement of information security.

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The purpose of the study: to consider the procedure for the implementation of information technology impacts on video surveillance systems; to assess the existing information security requirements for video surveillance systems in the Russian Federation; to form generalized proposals to ensure the information security of existing video surveillance systems in conditions of deliberate information technology impacts.
The results obtained: a generalized scheme of the procedure for the implementation of information technology impacts on video surveillance systems has been formed; generalized proposals for ensuring the information security of existing video surveillance systems have been formulated; proposals for the development of regulatory documentation by regulators (in the field of information security) have been formulated.
Scientific novelty: the analysis of the conflict situation in the field of video surveillance systems has been carried out, which made it possible to identify the initial measures necessary for the subsequent development of information security of video surveillance systems.
Research methods: system analysis, classification, comparative analysis.
Keywords: cyberspace, information technology impacts, cybersecurity, video surveillance, threats, intruder, information security.

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