№ 5 (69)

Study objective: to substantiate a system for protecting trade secrets in various forms based on classification, principles, methods, and technologies.
Research methods: a retrospective analysis of trade secret protection requirements in Russia and abroad; a systems analysis to substantiate trade secret classification; conceptual modeling of a trade secret protection system based
on the Zero Trust concept; and a synthesis of a trade secret protection system at all stages of its life cycle.
Study results: the obtained results do not contradict existing regulatory documents on trade secret protection and can be used to enhance the protective properties of various objects where the need to protect trade secrets arises in Russia and abroad.
Scientific novelty: the article proposes new approaches to classifying trade secrets from the perspective of protecting them from disclosure (leakage), principles for protecting trade secrets based on the "zero trust" concept, and a trade secret protection management system as a cyclical, controlled, and protected process from the creation of an innovative idea, through design, implementation, and operation.
Practical relevance: the authors' proposed solutions and approaches to protecting trade secrets will improve the level of security for economic entities where protection is necessary, increase innovative activity in market relations, and counter industrial and economic espiona.
Keywords: trade secret, information security system, trade secret regime, zero trust.

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Purpose of the study: development of the theoretical foundations of information security through sound systematization, methods and means of information security based on the concept of interoperability.
Methods of research: analysis of information interaction and threats in information interaction based on a standardized reference model of interoperability and synthesis of a systematic structured model of information security methods and tools in the context of the concept of interoperability.
Result's: based on the analysis of scientific areas of interoperability and information security, it is proposed to supplement the field of interests of information security with a semantic level, in accordance with the reference model of interoperability. The analysis of information security threats to the object of protection implemented at the semantic level of information interaction has been performed. In the course of research, the need for information security at the semantic level has been proved to ensure the completeness of information interaction protection and to satisfy the interests of the information protection object. An information model for the development and implementation of information security methods is proposed to help achieve the objectives of the object of protection. A model of information security based on a reference model of interoperability is proposed. A model of information security audit and risk assessment based on a reference model of interoperability is proposed.
Scientific novelty: It consists in a new approach to systematization of methods, means and increasing the sphere of interests of information security based on modern scientific ideas about the levels of information interaction in accordance with the concept of interoperability.
Keywords: information protection, information interaction, open systems, models, standards.

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The objective of the study: modeling the hazard indicator of destructive software impacts, taking into account the relevance of the behavioral patterns of malware for automated special-purpose systems of the internal affairs agencies.
Research methods: the hierarchy analysis method is used to form models for assessing the hazard of destructive
software impacts and to determine the numerical values of the attributes of the automated special-purpose systems
of the internal affairs agencies.
Research result: the basic and specific attributes of the automated special-purpose systems of the internal affairs
agencies are determined, characterizing the relevance of the behavioral patterns of malware depending on the functional features of the automated special-purpose systems of the internal affairs agencies. Basic and specific models for assessing the hazard of destructive software impacts on the automated special-purpose systems of the internal affairs agencies have been developed, taking into account the relevance of the behavioral patterns of malware. An algorithm for planning and implementing the life cycle processes of the automated special-purpose systems of the internal affairs agencies in the context of destructive software impacts has been developed. The developed methodology has been verified using the example of forming models for assessing the hazard of destructive software impacts of malware of the «Malicious Utilities» class on a test automated special-purpose system. The developed models have been verified on a test data set generated by interviewing experts.
Practical significance: the developed methodology can be used by security administrators of automated special-purpose
systems when assessing the danger of destructive software impacts and determining the goals and list of measures
to be implemented to ensure information protection when unknown malicious programs appear.

Keywords: malware, automated systems features, information security, analytic hierarchy process.

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The objective of the study: to justify the relevance, formulate and formalize the scientific task of forecasting costs for re-engineering the security system of critical information infrastructure (CII) objects exposed to threats.
Methods of research: heuristic, extrapolation, expert, comparison and comparison, differential calculus, informational
diagnosis. 
The results obtained: a verbal and formal formulation of the scientific task of forecasting costs for re-engineering the security system of KIA objects exposed to threats was formulated and an algorithm for its solution was proposed.
Scientific novelty: a tool for forecasting is proposed, based on the structure of a prognostic model, which represents a linear combination of the same-name parameters of the object of prediction and objects-analogues. Based on data about the value of parameters of objects-analogues, when namesake parameters have linear correlation, a forecast is made. For example, it is possible to predict the cost of reengineering, the sustainability of operation, the reserve stock, etc.
Practical significance: the scientific problem can serve as a basis for formulating a technical task to reengineer the
safety systems of the KIA with the requirements for their sustainability.
Keywords: cost forecasting, operation sustainability, object-analog, re-engineering, critical information infrastructure object, threat.

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Purpose of the study: designing an algorithm for federated building a ridge regression in a distributed system with Byzantine node failures.
Methods of research: combining tools of high-dimensional data processing and protocols in distributed networks.
Result(s): the mechanism of an average agreement in an asynchronous network and an application of the average
agreement for constructing a ridge regression model are described. Estimates of network parameters are given for which
the algorithm of an average agreement is applicable: the distribution of data may be heterogeneous; Byzantine nodes may deviate from the execution of the network protocol in an arbitrary way; no honest node knows which of the other nodes are honest. Byzantine nodes know each other and may collude. Linear regression errors are assumed to be sub-Gaussian and independent.
Scientific novelty: a method has been developed to achieve an average agreement on ridge regression parameters
in an asynchronous system.
Keywords: federated machine learning, Tikhonov regularization, consensus.

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The purpose of the study: to increase the reliability and explainability of interpreting Suricata IDS alerts by means of an ontologically enriched knowledge graph, heterogeneous graph representations, and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) based on a local large language model.
Research methods: the construction of an ontology-guided knowledge graph that links Suricata data to MITRE ATT&CK
tactics/techniques is the first stage of the research. Following this, a heterogeneous graph neural network (HGNN) is trained to obtain contextual node embeddings. The retrieval of relevant context via nearest neighbours in the embedding space is then conducted. Finally, a local LLM (about 7B parameters) is generated within a RAG pipeline to generate explanations. An experimental evaluation on a corpus of approximately 25,000 Suricata alerts is then conducted using metrics of interpretation accuracy, hallucination rate, and relevance.
Results obtained: an ontology-guided method for interpreting Suricata alerts was developed, providing more complete
and accurate explanations than a baseline approach. The utilisation of ontologies has been demonstrated to enhance
the substantive content of explanations by approximately 15%, while concomitantly resulting in only a marginal increase in generation time. The integration of ontology and a heterogeneous knowledge graph has been demonstrated to improve the correct mapping of alerts to MITRE ATT&CK techniques and reduce the risk of erroneous explanations.
Scientific novelty: the integration of an ontology and a heterogeneous knowledge graph with RAG-based generation over
a local LLM to anchor low-level IDPS events to MITRE ATT&CK techniques has been suggested; the applicability of ontologies to explainable AI in cybersecurity has been shown.
Keywords: cybersecurity, intrusion detection and prevention systems, threat hunting; explainable artificial intelligence, knowledge graph, deep learning: heterogeneous graph neural network, MITRE ATT&CK, LLM, RAG, Suricata.

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The purpose of the study is to formalize the process of functioning of a digital document management system, which includes a document management system and data source systems. Implementation of the proposed approach in order
to form a digital information management infrastructure that meets the basic provisions of the «Industry 4.0» concept.
Research methods: application of the methodology of system analysis to the conditions of digitalization of structurally complex systems using the example of electronic document management.
The result of the research: a conceptual model of the functioning of a digital document management system has been
developed, taking into account such characteristics of promising digital systems as autonomy, distribution, and intelligence. A system of indicators and evaluation criteria has been introduced in order to improve the quality of information interaction between the structural divisions of organizations operating such an infrastructure.
Scientific novelty: a conceptual model of the functioning of a digital document management system is presented
and substantiated, based on the hierarchical decomposition of its structure, taking into account the relationship between the levels of interaction of the system under study. The proposed approach in the context of digital transformation makes it possible to ensure the intended purpose (integrity) of the system for a given period of time when exposed to destabilizing factors at any of its levels.
Keywords: content, metadata, digital document, principles of digitalization, intelligent agents, digital transformation of document flow, system integrity.

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Purpose of work is the creation of additional prerequisites for the development of a post-quantum standard for digital signature algorithms based on the computational complexity of solving large systems of nonlinear equations (LSNE) in a finite field.
Research methods: application of three hidden commutative groups, the elements of each of which are non-commutative with the elements of another one, for the implementation of enhanced signature randomization in algebraic digital
signature schemes, the security of which is based on the computational difficulty of solving the LSNE in the ground finite field GF(p). Calculation of the fitting signature element in the form of a matrix S depending on three pairwise non-commutative matrices selected randomly from the hidden groups. Application of the finite algebra of 3×3 and 5×5 matrices defined over the field GF(p) with 64-bit and 40-bit prime order p.
Results of the study: a new mechanism for enhanced randomization of the signature fitting element is proposed
and an algebraic algorithm for digital signature is developed, which is promising as a prototype of a practical post-quantum digital signature standard. The selection of random matrices from hidden groups is specified by exponentiating the generators of the corresponding hidden groups to random powers, calculated depending on the randomization parameters and the randomizing element of the digital signature. For the first time, to increase the security level to potential attacks based on alternative secret keys, the specified degrees are calculated as a solution to a system of linear equations. Estimates of the security to a direct attack and an attack based on known signatures are presented. A comparison of the parameters of the developed digital signature algorithm with known algorithms using the difficulty of solving the LSNE is given, and ways to improve its performance are discussed.
Practical relevance: the obtained results consist in creating a new premise for substantiating the choice of algebraic
digital signature algorithms with hidden groups as a basis for developing a practical post-quantum digital signature standard, which consists in increasing the level of resistance to potential attacks based on equivalent keys.
Keywords: finite matrix algebra; associative algebra; computationally hard problem; post-quantum cryptography; hidden commutative group; digital signature; signature randomization.

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Purpose of work to formalize the choice of parameters and the definition of requirements for the KNAA-2-EDS, ensuring post-quantum stability (at least 2200 for Cat 3 and 2256 for Cat 5) while reducing the signature length to 112 bytes (Cat 3) and 128 bytes (Cat 5).
Research methods: substantiation of compliance of KNAA-2-EDS with FIPS 204/205/206, SP 800-57-1 Rev.5,
ISO/IEC 14888-4:2024 and GOST R 34.10-2018 standards with precise definition of ASN.1/DER and OID formats, development of two sets of parameters for resistance categories 3 and 5 on the NIST scale, setting quantitative targets, formulation of mandatory implementation requirements, in particular constant time, correct randomization and countermeasures. Results of the study: two sets of parameters have been established to ensure the durability of ≥2200 (Cat 3) and ≥2256 (Cat 5) and the compactness of keys and signatures, requirements for the size of keys and signatures have been defined, performance and security metrics have been set, criteria for verifying the correctness of implementation without a full ACVP cycle have been established, formats and validation procedures have been regulated, countermeasures against side attacks and constant execution time requirements are defined.
Practical relevance: The result of the article is that the found parameters, requirements and usage profiles demonstrate for the first time the implementation of enhanced signature randomization without doubling the verification equation, ensuring the compactness of keys and signatures while maintaining high resistance to quantum attacks and side-channel attacks. This significantly reduces the amount of transactional data and bandwidth requirements for networks and storage, which is critical for scalable blockchain systems, hardware cryptoprocessors, and energy-efficient IoT devices. 

Keywords: finite matrix algebra; associative algebra; computationally hard problem; post-quantum cryptography; hidden commutative group; digital signature; signature randomization.

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5. 	 ISO/IEC 14888-4:2024. Information security – Cryptographic techniques – Digital signatures with appendix – Part 4: Stateful hashbased mechanisms. – Geneva: ISO/IEC, 2024.
6. 	 ITU-T Recommendation X.680 (08/2021). Information technology – Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1): Specification of basic notation. – Geneva: ITU-T, 2021.
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8. 	 Markov, A. S., Varenitca, V. V., Arustamyan, S. S. Topical issues in the implementation of secure software development processes. (2023). In the collection: Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Processes and Systems Development and Quality Assurance. IPSQDA-2023. P. 48–53.
9. 	 Balyabin, A. A., Petrenko, S. A. Model of a blockchain platform with cyber-immunity under quantum attacks. (2025). Question Kiberbezopasnosti [Cybersecurity issues]. No. 3(67). P. 72–82. DOI: 10.21681/2311-3456-2025-3-72-82 (Russian Text).
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Purpose of the study: systematization and critical analysis of existing approaches to error suppression in quantum repeaters, as well as to assess their advantages and limitations for the implementation of scalable quantum networks and the quantum internet.
Methods of research: the paper provides a detailed analysis of modern literature, including a comparison of various
quantum repeater schemes, as well as an assessment of resource costs and performance.
Result(s): quantum repeaters can be divided into three generations, each of which demonstrates optimal efficiency
under certain conditions. The first generation, implementing probabilistic error suppression by generating heralded
entanglement and two-way entanglement distillation, is easy to implement and provides the basic functionality of a quantum network, but requires significant time due to the need to exchange classical signals and long-term storage of quantum states.
The second generation combines probabilistic entanglement generation with deterministic operation error suppression
using quantum error correction, which reduces the requirements for long-term quantum memory, although the exchange
of classical signals between neighboring nodes remains mandatory. The third generation relies entirely on deterministic error suppression using one-way classical communication, which allows for a significant reduction in time delays and high entanglement generation rates, despite the need for a denser arrangement of repeaters and high-quality local gates. In addition, the review covers new areas such as memoryless repeaters and all-photonic repeaters. The conducted comparative analysis of resource costs demonstrates that optimization of repeater operating parameters is a key factor for the implementation of scalable quantum networks, which is of direct importance for quantum key distribution, quantum metrology, and distributed quantum computing.
Scientific novelty: the scientific novelty lies in the integration of disparate approaches to the implementation of quantum repeaters into a single holistic representation, which allows for an objective assessment of their efficiency by key parameters. The review highlights the potential for new classes of repeaters, such as memoryless repeaters and all-photonic circuits, to become important elements in the development of a quantum internet.
 
Keywords: quantum network, entanglement, elementary link, classification.

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The purpose of the study: to investigate the problem of formal criteria and indicators for evaluating the constructive protection of information systems, taking into account the features of the architecture of a distributed registry in the context of a quantum threat, to propose an approach to the formation of criteria for constructive protection that automate the analysis and synthesis of secure architecture.
Research methods: object-oriented analysis of complex systems, system analysis, theory of modular cluster networks,
graph theory, matrix theory, mathematical logic.
Research result: an approach to the formation of a system of criteria and indicators for constructive protection of an
information system architecture based on a cluster protection model with complete overlap, presented as a cluster multigraph of a modular cluster network, and an analysis of its topology is proposed. The assessment of architecture security according to the criteria of constructive protection consists in a formal analysis of the presence or absence of certain types of vertices and arcs of a cluster multigraph. The continuity indicator of constructive protection for assessing the safety of information process trajectories is based on comparing the weights of the marked vertices indicating the protection modules with the set value. The applicability of constructive protection criteria to the evaluation of distributed registry technology is shown.
Scientific novelty: a new approach to the formation of formal criteria and indicators for constructive protection of information systems based on a cluster protection model with complete overlap in terms of the theory of modular cluster networks has been developed.
The results were obtained with the financial support of the project «Technologies for countering previously unknown
quantum cyber threats», implemented within the framework of the state program of the «Sirius» Federal Territory «Scientific and technological development of the «Sirius» Federal Territory (Agreement No. 23-03 dated September 27, 2024).
 
Keywords: modular cluster network, quantum threat, information protection.

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Purpose of the study: development of an approach to analyzing and evaluating the security of big data management systems, taking into account the technological features of this class of solutions that distinguish them from traditional cloud data processing systems.
Methods of research: the paper analyzes the features of target systems, as well as the methods of data collection
and security assessment proposed by another researchers. Their disadvantages are highlighted in the context of modern
requirements. It is proposed to use an approach to data collection and modeling of the target system using the aggregate data model based on set theory, as well as the integration of a modified NIST assessment of access control in big data systems and an author's assessment, based on data granulation and trust in processing nodes.
Result(s): as the result of the work, the technological features of the target systems were formulated in terms of security assessment. They are distribution, heterogeneity (multimodality), and a complex data lifecycle. The analysis of scientific papers showed, on the one hand, the interest of researchers in the task of assessing the security of big data management systems, and on the other hand, the lack of estimates proposed for the target class of systems. The authors have formulated security assessment requirements for big data management systems as a specific component of modern information systems. A new security assessment method is also proposed, which for the first time takes into account the specific properties of big data management systems. The proposed method, in addition to the previously proposed estimates, takes into account the disadvantages of access control caused by various data granulation in the target system components.
As well, as a large number of trusted users. And, as a result, the need to process confidential data either on trusted nodes or in a hidden (obfuscated or encrypted) form. The proposed estimate is normalized, can be detailed to the evaluation of each specific data processing tool, easily expanded or integrated into higher-level estimates. The reliability and possibility of practical application of the proposed assessment is shown by developing a software prototype based on previously known and tested software solutions.
Scientific novelty: the novelty lies in the author's method of assessing the security of big data management systems,
which differs for the first time by taking into account the disadvantages of access control caused by different granulation of data and taking into account the trust in individual data processing nodes.
 
Keywords: big data, information security, security assessment, data granulation, access control, trustworthiness.

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Purpose of the article: the design of a multi-level monitoring and response system for impacts, ensuring the resilience of complex ergatic systems through the use of a backup control loop and adaptive resource allocation.
Research methods: system analysis, modeling, architecture synthesis, resource allocation.
Research results: a multi-level architecture of a monitoring and response system for impacts has been developed, aimed
at improving the resilience of complex ergatic systems. A structural solution is proposed, including primary and backup control loops, which ensures continuous monitoring and coordinated response even in cases of partial degradation or failure of the communication infrastructure. A mechanism for adaptive resource reallocation between architecture components has been designed, ensuring efficient system operation under variable loads and limited computing and network capabilities. The theoretical significance of the work lies in advancing scientific knowledge on the design of multi-level architectures for the protection of ergatic systems, ensuring their functionality under complex impacts. The practical significance is determined by the possibility of applying the designed architectural solutions in the creation and modernization of distributed automated complexes of various purposes to increase their resilience and the efficiency of monitoring processes.
Scientific novelty: for the first time, a multi-level architecture of a monitoring and response system for impacts is proposed, implementing a separation into primary and backup control loops to ensure operational resilience under communication degradation and failures. For the first time, a mechanism for adaptive resource reallocation between system levels has been developed, allowing the maintenance of monitoring and response efficiency under variable loads and limited computing and network capabilities.
 
Keywords: fault tolerance, cyber resilience, federated interaction, backup control loop, adaptive resource allocation, ergatic systems, automated complexes, cybersecurity.

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The purpose of this work is to analyze the possibilities of applying graph theory for image coding and classification, which is especially relevant in connection with the use of artificial intelligence methods for image classification.
Research method: combinatorics and graph theory, as well as heuristic algorithms.
Results: The paper discusses the possibility of applying the classical results of graph theory concerning the problems of graph recovery and recognition and their characteristics in the field of image recognition. At the same time, various aspects of the problem of describing (representing) graphs using their invariants are analyzed.
New classes of invariants for graphs are introduced and considered, which, in particular, can be used for image analysis and classification. In addition, the statements proved in the article relate to such aspects of the problem as the formation of complex types of invariants on the basis of basic ones and the finding of functional dependencies of some invariants on others.
Scientific novelty: new composite invariants of graphs that can be effectively used in the recognition of graph-based
images are constructed and substantiated.
 
Keywords: recognition, feature tables, heuristics, reconstruction, graph invariant, chromatic number, independence number, number of external stabilities, number of internal stabilities.

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The purpose of the study: creation of steganographic algorithms for embedding a digital watermark in a graphic file and extracting it, resistant to various types of influences.
Methods of research: fast Fourier transform, Bluestein's algorithm, actions on complex numbers, actions on matrices.
Result(s): the stages of the algorithm for creating a steganogram based on a graphic container file containing a digital watermark, as well as an algorithm for extracting a digital watermark from a created steganogram, are described. When embedding a digital watermark in an image, a fast discrete Fourier transform using the Bluestein algorithm was used, embedding is recommended in the low or medium frequency spectrum. The simulation of the algorithm using the data obtained on the simulator is carried out. The simulation shows the stages of the algorithm's operation and demonstrates the features of changing container and data center data during embedding and extraction. Examples of algorithms for embedding and extracting a digital watermark are presented. A study of the dependence of changes in the original container on the size of the digital watermark after its embedding and a comparison of the new algorithm with popular steganographic algorithms has been conducted. The algorithm's resistance to various types of effects on the steganogram is shown.
Scientific novelty: the goal is to develop a steganographic algorithm suitable for image copyright protection based on
embedding a digital image into the brightness component of the color of a graphic container file using the fast Fourier transform.
 
Keywords: steganography, digital graphic image, container file, pixel matrix.

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Purpose of the study: to consider methods for analyzing the effectiveness of information security systems of enterprises and to develop a methodology for expert-analytical analysis of their technical and economic efficiency based on comparison «with best practices».
Methods of research: application of methods for analyzing the efficiency of the IT sphere of enterprises based on
the principles of «total cost of ownership».
Result(s): The problems of two main approaches to the analysis of the effectiveness of information security systems
of enterprises – risk-based and techno-economic - are considered and analyzed.
Based on the analysis of technical and economic efficiency according to the principle of «total cost of ownership» in the field of information technology, a systematization of expenses (costs) for ensuring the information security of the enterprise was carried out in the form of a two-level hierarchical scheme – capital costs (according to the cost of acquiring and installing technical means of information protection and means of ensuring the security of information technologies, costs of carrying out organizational-technical and organizational-staffing measures, depreciation losses), operating costs (for wages and outsourcing, for support and technical maintenance, for personnel training, for preventive and preventive measures in the form of audit, pentesting, training and exercises), costs and losses associated with the result-target side of the information security system (losses from downtime of the corporate information system as a result of computer incidents, costs of its restoration, loss of working time on organizational and technological procedures for information protection in the form of time spent on identification and authentication procedures, blocking of automated workstations as a result of incorrect actions of users).
The objective function of technical and economic efficiency of the information security system is presented based
on the weighted summation of efficiency indicators for the components of the presented cost scheme, compared with «best practices» or average statistical values for the enterprise industry.
A methodology has been developed for analyzing the technical and economic efficiency of enterprise information security systems based on the presented objective function and the application of the expert assessment method to take into account the specifics of enterprises in terms of IT infrastructure, business policy and information security policy. According to the formed methodology, an illustrative example of the results of the analysis of the technical and economic efficiency of the information security system of the enterprise is given.
Scientific novelty: the systematization of costs, expenses and losses for ensuring information security in the methodology of «total cost of ownership» was carried out, a superposition objective function was proposed and an expert-analytical methodology based on it for analyzing the technical and economic efficiency of information security systems was proposed.
 
Keywords: information security management system, effectiveness, total cost of ownership, risk-based analysis, technical and economic analysis, expert and analytical analysis, costs of ensuring information security.

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Abstract. The rising prevalence of smart home systems in everyday life, attacks such as cyber flooding on these interconnected devices have become critical. The present research talks about the innovative model using adaptive threshold, which applies cumulative entropy analysis of time series data to detect and mitigate flood attacks more effectively in the smart home environment. The model sets dynamic thresholds adaptable to changes in data fluctuations in realtime by utilizing cumulative entropy, a measure that identifies the unpredictability and variance of network traffic patterns. Advanced machine learning techniques will be further explored to refine the threshold process that will eventually lead to higher accuracy in detecting anomalies. In fact, essential factors including temporal patterns, types of protocols, and actions of users will be analyzed concerning their impact on objective metrics. Research aims at validating proposed adaptive threshold framework effectiveness in response toward significantly reducing false positives while improving responsiveness against emerging threats; hence contributing overall resilience of smart-home systems under flood attacks towards detected attacks. Anterior work shall focus on adapting algorithms and exploring scalability over diverse smart home architectures as an extension of this work. Research also intends to tackle questions linked with data privacy as well as system efficiency.
 
Keywords: Adaptive Threshold, Cumulative Entropy, Time Series Analysis, Flood Attack Mitigation, Smart Home Security, Anomaly Detection, Network Traffic An al ysis, Temporal Data Patterns.

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